Department of Physiatry

• What do physiatrists do?
• What kind of training do physiatrists require?
• How do physiatrists diagnose?
• What types of conditions do physiatrists treat?
• What is the physiatrist's role in treatment
• How long has physiatry been a recognized specialty?

What do physiatrists do?

Physiatrists specialize in non-surgical physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) for patients who have been disabled as a result of a disease, condition, disorder, or injury. They diagnose, perform thorough patient histories, treat injuries and conditions, and direct your expanded treatment team using non-surgical methods.

Physiatrists focus on a personalized method of treatment to improve their patients' quality of life -- one that involves a comprehensive approach to expand the framework of resources at a patient's disposal. As a result, a patient's recuperation involves every aspect of their lives

What kind of training do physiatrists require?

Physiatrists train for four years in medical school, followed by a one-year internship and three years of hospital residency with a specialization in physiatry. The board certified physiatrists at HSS have also received advanced degrees and fellowships in several areas of musculoskeletal specialization.

How do physiatrists diagnose?

While other specialties use similar diagnostic tools, physiatry employs the additional use of electrodiagnostic medicine in order to detect areas of nerve and muscle damage. This includes electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies, which are used to measure the condition of your nerves and muscles in their relaxed and stimulated states.

What types of conditions do physiatrists treat?

Physiatrists treat a wide scope of cases - from brain and spinal cord injuries to stroke and burn victims - but the physiatrists at HSS have been specially trained and certified to help patients who have spine and sports injuries as well as other musculoskeletal problems.

What is the physiatrist's role in treatment?

Physiatrists direct a comprehensive rehabilitation team of professionals that may include physical therapists, occupational therapists, recreational therapists, rehabilitation nurses, psychologists, social workers, and others.

At HSS, physiatrists also perform several minimally invasive procedures such as IDET, nucleoplasty, radiofrequency ablation, fluoroscopic injection procedures, and shoulder and knee lavage. They combine these treatments with medically supervised exercise therapies, as well as medication and orthotics, to restore mobility and function - all without the need for surgery. In addition, several of the HSS physiatrists have special areas of specialization, such as limb lengthening and osteoporosis, which enable them to uniquely handle these specialized medical conditions from a comprehensive, multidisciplinary standpoint.

How long has physiatry been a recognized specialty?

Although physiatrists have been practicing PM&R for over seventy years, their abilities became widely known and utilized during the years of World War II, when many soldiers returned from the war with serious musculoskeletal disabilities. Recognizing the unique benefits of their specialty, the Advisory Board of Medical Specialties approved PM&R as a specialty of medicine in 1947.

The Department provides over 30,000 ambulatory care visits a year, including approximately 3,900 minimally invasive procedures and 1,100 EMG/NCV studies, attending over 17,500 returning patients and 7,500 new patients each year.

The following is a partial list of procedures performed by physiatrists at HSS:

• IntraDiscal Electrothermal Therapy (IDET) is a minimally invasive procedure  that offers an important treatment option to individuals with lower back pain caused by lumbar disc disease. The physician then passes a thermal catheter through the needle and into the injured disc in the specific area of the annulus tear. The catheter heats the collagen of the disc to shrink the protruded material and destroy the pain fibers 
• Epidural steroid injection is an umbrella term applying to a variety of techniques performed to deliver a corticosteroid preparation around a nerve exiting the spinal cord in an epidural space. This procedure decreases inflammation of the nerve roots, thereby reducing pain for several months and hopefully aiding the healing process as well.
• Nucleoplasty uses radiofrequency energy to treat patients with low back pain from contained, or mildly herniated, discs. Guided by X-ray imaging, a wand-like instrument is inserted through a needle into the disc to create a channel that allows inner disc material to be removed. The wand then heats and shrinks the tissue, sealing the disc wall. Several channels are made, depending on how much disc material needs to be removed.
• Radiofrequency ablation/lesioning uses high-frequency alternating current flow to generate heat and destroy pain sensing nerves. A narrow electrode is introduced to the affected nerve. Precisely controlled generator heat is generated to destroy the nerve.
• Nerve conduction/electromyography testing, or EMG testing, is a two-part electrodiagnostic test that is used to study nerve and muscle function, and it can provide your doctor with specific information about the extent of nerve and/or muscle injury. The test consists of a nerve conduction study and a needle exam for muscle testing. The nerve conduction study entails stimulating the nerves at different points with small electric shocks, artificially activating them so their function can be measured. The needle exam involves inserting very fine needles into several muscles with determine normal and abnormal electrical signals given off by the muscles. EMG testing usually takes anywhere from 30 to 90 minutes, depending on the condition being tested and findings of the study.
• Joint lavage procedures are arthroscopic techniques essentially meant to wash loose tissue debris and inflammatory agents away from the interior of a major joint, such as the knee. Although the lavage procedure is a short-term solution, it may assist in relieving the symptoms of those suffering from osteoarthritis for a number of years. Joint injections are performed for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, and they can be used in two ways - for aspiration, which involves removing fluid for testing or drainage, and fluid injection, whereby medications such as corticosteroids are injected into a joint to medicate areas affected by inflammatory arthritis.

Video: Regenerative Treatments for Lumbar Disc Disease

Fellowship Training

The Department provides a one-year Spine and Sports Medicine Fellowship, with two fellows accepted each year. This fellowship program focuses on the improvement of skills in the areas of diagnosis and treatment using a comprehensive approach, including including interventional spine procedures (cervical and lumbar), diagnostic and interventional ultrasound, electrodiagnostics, regenerative medicine and concussion management.

The Department also takes part in the training of Columbia University and Cornell University's residents from NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital's Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation residency program, and is involved in the education of medical students from Weill Cornell Medicine.

Recent publications

• Sanguino R, Cheng J, Wyss J. Tropical Achilles tendinopathy: sea urchin spine injury. Accepted for publication in Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association in May 2021.
• Cheng AL, Bradley EC, Brady BK, Calfee RP, Klesges LM, Colditz GA, Prather H. The influence of race, sex, and social disadvantage on self-reported health in patients presenting with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2021 May 1.
• Leopold M, Santiago K, Cheng J, Keller L, Abutalib Z, Bonder J, Sharma G, Tenforde A, Casey E. Efficacy of an online core strengthening program for diastasis rectus abdominis in postpartum women: A prospective observational study. Accepted for publication in Journal of Women’s Health Physical Therapy in April 2021.
• Wolff A, Ling D, Casey E, Toresdahl B, Gellhorn A. Feasibility and impact of a musculoskeletal health for musicians (MHM) program for musician students: a randomized controlled pilot study. J Hand Ther. 15 April 2021.
• LeBrun DG, Sneag DB, Feinberg JH, McCarthy MM, Gulotta LV, Lee SK, Wolfe SW. Surgical treatment of iatrogenic nerve injury following arthroscopic capsulolabral repair. J Hand Surg. 2021 Apr 23:S0363-5023(21)—159-3.
• Jerome MA, Lutz C, Lutz GE. Risks of intradiscal orthobiologic injection: a review of the literature and case series presentation. Int J Spine Surg. 2021 Apr; 8053.
• Moley P. CORR Insights: Can the femoro-epiphyseal acetabular roof (FEAR) index be used to distinguish dysplasia from impingement? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2021 May;479(5):972-973.
• Krishnan KR, Sneag DB, Feinberg JH, Lee SK, Wolfe SW. Localization of brachial plexopathies using a novel diagnostic program. HSS J. 2021 Mar 20.
• Santiago K, Cheng J, Jivanelli B, Lutz G. Infections following interventional spine procedures: a systematic review. Pain Physician. 2021 Mar;24(2):101-116.
• Creighton A, Sanguino R, Cheng J, Wyss J. Successful treatment of supraspinous and interspinous ligament injury with US-guided PRP injection: case series. HSS J. 2021 Feb 22.
• Hunter TL, Sullivan SW, Coleman SH, Brand E, Kinderknecht JJ, Vad VB. Role of needle fenestration with platelet-rich plasma in chronic tennis elbow with indication of partial extensor tendon tear. Accepted for publication in Clin Arch Bone Joint Dis. 2021.
• Davenport KL. Dance medicine for the Physiatrist. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2021 Feb;32(1):xv-xvi.
• Kirschner J, Cheng J, Hurwitz N, Santiago K, Lin E, Beatty N, Kingsbury D, Wendel I, Milani C. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous needle tenotomy (PNT) alone vs. PNT plus platelet-rich plasma injection for the treatment of chronic tendinosis: a randomzied controlled trial. PM&R. 2021 Feb 28.
• Argentieri EC, Tan ET, Whang JS, Queler SC, Feinberg JH, Lin B, Sneag DB. Quantitative T2 mapping magnetic resonance imaging for assessment of muscle motor unit recruitment patterns. Muscle Nerve. 2021 Jan 26.
• Prysak MH, Kyriakides CP, Zukofsky TA, Reutter SE, Cheng J, Lutz GE. A retrospective analysis of a commercially available platelet-rich plasma kit during clinical use. PM&R. 2021 Feb 4.
• Dave U, Kinderknecht J, Cheng J, Santiago K, Jivanelli B, Ling DI. Systematic review and meta-analysis of sex-based differences for concussion incidence by concussion-causing activity in soccer. Phys Sportsmed. 2021 Jan 7:1-9.
• Cheng J, Santiago KA, Abutalib Z, Temme KE, Hulme A, Goolsby MA, Esopenko CL, Casey EK. Menstrual irregularity, hormonal contraceptive use, and bone stress injuries in collegiate female athletes in the United States. PM&R. 2020 Dec 19.

Recent abstracts accepted or presented at conferences

• Kirschner J, Cheng J, Creighton A, Santiago K, Dundas M, Beatty N, Kingsbury D, Chang R. Efficacy of ultrasound-guided glenohumeral joint injections of platelet-rich plasma versus hyaluronic acid in the treatment of glenohumeral osteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Presented at NYP Rehabilitation Research Day 2021.
• Bonanno J, Cheng J, Tilley D, Casey E. Risk factors for Achilles tendon rupture in women’s collegiate gymnastics. Presented at NYP Rehabilitation Research Day 2021.
• Leopold M, Santiago K, Cheng J, Keller L, Abutalib Z, Bonder J, Sharma G, Tenforde A, Casey E. Effect of a core strengthening program on diastasis rectus abdominis in postpartum women: a prospective observational study. Presented at NYP Rehabilitation Research Day 2021.
• Goldsmith C, Cheng J, Halpert J, Moley P. A registry-based study of the non-operative treatment of non-arthritic hip pain in women (35-65 years old): outcomes at 3-5 years. Presented at NYP Rehabilitation Research Day 2021.
• Kirschner J, Cheng J, Creighton A, Santiago K, Dundas M, Beatty N, Kingsbury D, Chang R. Efficacy of ultrasound-guided glenohumeral joint injections of platelet-rich plasma versus hyaluronic acid in the treatment of glenohumeral osteoarthritis: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Presented at AAPM&R 2020.